What Is a Bond ETF?
Bond exchange-traded funds (ETFs) areatype of exchange-traded fund (ETF) that exclusively investsin bonds. Theseare similar to bond mutual funds because they hold a portfolio of bonds with different particular strategies—fromU.S. Treasuries to high yields—and holding period—between long-term andshort-term.
Bond ETFs are passively managed and trade, similar to stock ETFson major stock exchanges. This helps promote market stability by adding liquidity and transparency during times of stress.
Key Takeaways
- Bond ETFs are exchange-traded funds that invest in various fixed-income securities such as corporate bonds or Treasuries.
- Bond ETFs allow ordinary investors to gain passive exposure to benchmark bond indices in an inexpensive way.
- Bond ETFs are available for a variety of bond categories, including Treasuries, corporates, convertibles, and floating-rate bonds.
- Bond ETFs are also amenable to laddering.
- Investors should understand the risks to bond ETFs including the effect of interest rate changes.
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Understanding Bond ETFs
Bond ETFs tradethroughout the day on a centralized exchange, unlike individual bonds, which are sold over the counter by bond brokers. The structure of traditional bonds makes it difficult for investors to find a bond with an attractive price. Bond ETFsavoid this issue by trading on major indexes, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
As such, they can provide investors with the opportunity to gain exposure to the bond market with the ease and transparency of stock trading. Bond ETFs are also more liquid than individual bonds and mutual funds, which trade at one price per day after the market closes. And during times of distress, investors can trade a bond portfolio even if the underlying bond market is not functioning well.
Bond ETFs pay out interest through a monthly dividend, while any capital gains are paid out through an annual dividend. For tax purposes, these dividends are treated as either income or capital gains. However, the tax efficiency of bond ETFs is not a big factor, because capital gains do not play as big a part in bond returns as they do in stock returns. In addition, bond ETFs are available on a global basis.
Both bond mutual funds and bond ETFs have similarities, but the holdings within the funds and the fees charged to investors can vary.
U.S. bond ETFs experienced a record-breaking year in 2020. U.S. bond ETFs generated $168 billion in 2020. In October 2019, global bond ETF assets under managementtopped $1 trillion, and as of June 2023, bond ETFs are one of the fast-growing categories in asset management, at $206 trillion.
Types of Bond ETFs
Various ETFs exist for the various subsectors. Some examples include:
- Treasury Bond ETFs (examples include: SCHO, PLW)
- Corporate Bond ETFs (AGG, LKOR, SPLB)
- Junk Bond ETFs (JNK, HYG)
- International Bond ETFs (BNDX, IYH)
- Floating Rate Bond ETFs (FLTR)
- Convertible Bond ETFs (ICVT)
- Leveraged Bond ETFs (TMF)
Investors who are unsure ofwhat type to invest inshould consider total bond-market ETFs, which invest in the entire U.S. bond market.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bond ETFs
Bond ETFs offer many of the same features of an individual bond, including a regular coupon payment. One of the most significant benefits of owning bonds is the chance to receive fixed payments on a regular schedule. These payments traditionally happen every six months.
Bond ETFs, in contrast, hold assets with different maturity dates. So, at any given time, somebonds in the portfolio may be due for a coupon payment. For this reason, bond ETFspay interest each month, with the value of the couponvarying from month to month.
Assetsin the fund are continually changing anddo not mature. Instead, bonds are bought and sold as they expire or exit the target age range of the fund. The challenge for the architect of a bond ETF is to ensure that it closely tracks its respective index in a cost-effective manner, despite the lack of liquidity in the bond market. Most bonds are held untilmaturity, so an activesecondary marketis typically not available for them. This makes it difficult to ensure a bond ETF encompasses enough liquid bonds to track an index. This challenge is bigger for corporate bonds than for government bonds.
The suppliers of bond ETFs get around the liquidity problem by using representative sampling, which simply means tracking only a sufficient number of bonds to represent an index. The bonds used in the representative sample tend to be the largest and most liquid in the index. Given the liquidity of government bonds, tracking errors will be less of a problem with ETFs that represent government bond indices.
Bond ETFsare a great option to gain exposure to the bond market, but there are some glaring limitations. For one thing, an investor's initial investment is at greater risk in an ETF than an individual bond. Since a bond ETF never matures, there isn't a guarantee the principal will be repaid in full. Furthermore, when interest rates rise, it tends to harm the price of the ETF, like an individual bond. As the ETFdoes not mature, however, it's difficult to mitigateinterest rate risk.
Bond ETFs vs. Bond Mutual Funds vs. Bond Ladders
The decision over whether to purchase a bond fund or a bond ETF usually depends on the investment objective of the investor.If you wantactive management, bond mutual funds offer more choices. If you plan to buy and sell frequently, bond ETFs are a good choice. For the long term, buy-and-hold investors, bond mutual funds, and bond ETFs can meet your needs, but it's best to do your research as to the holdings in each fund.
If transparency is important, bond ETFs allow you to see the holdings within the fund at any given moment. However, if you're concerned about not being able to sell your ETF investment due to the lack of buyers in the market, a bond fund might be a better choice since you'll be able to sell your holdings back to the fund issuer. As with most investment decisions, it's important to do your research, speak with your broker or financial advisor.
The liquidity and transparency of an ETF offer advantages over a passively heldbond ladder. Bond ETFs offer instant diversification and a constantduration, which means an investor needs to make only one trade to get a fixed-income portfolio up and running. A bond ladder, which requires buying individual bonds, does not offer this luxury.
One disadvantage of bond ETFs is that they charge an ongoing management fee. While lowerspreads on trading bond ETFs help offset this somewhat, the issue will still prevail with a buy-and-hold strategy over the longer term.The initial trading spread advantage of bond ETFs is eroded over time by the annual management fee. The second disadvantage is that there is no flexibility to create something unique for a portfolio. For example, if an investor is looking for a high degree of income or no immediate income at all, bond ETFs may not be the appropriate product.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are Bond ETFs the Same As Bonds?
No. ETFs are pooled investments that invest in a range of securities. Investors can buy and sell ETFs like shares of stock on exchanges, and bond ETFs will track the prices of the bond portfolio that it represents.
Are Bond ETFs a Good Investment?
Most investors should have some funds allocated to bonds. Bond ETFs tend to be more liquid and cost-effective than bond mutual funds, and offer diversified bond holdings across a range of bond types, from U.S. Treasuries to junk bonds.
Do Bond ETFs Pay Interest or Dividends to Shareholders?
Bond ETFs pay dividends on a monthly basis based on the interest income earned on the bonds held in the fund's portfolio.
What Is a Bond ETF Ladder Strategy?
A ladder strategy uses bonds of different maturities to reduce interest rate risk. This can be done with individual bonds, but also with bond ETFs of different duration.
Bond ETFs, or bond exchange-traded funds, are a type of exchange-traded fund that exclusively invests in bonds. They are similar to bond mutual funds in that they hold a portfolio of bonds with different strategies and holding periods. Bond ETFs are passively managed and trade on major stock exchanges, similar to stock ETFs. They provide investors with the opportunity to gain exposure to the bond market with ease and transparency. Bond ETFs offer advantages such as liquidity, diversification, and the ability to trade throughout the day on a centralized exchange. However, they also have limitations, including the risk of principal repayment and vulnerability to interest rate changes.
Bond ETFs: Definition and Characteristics
Bond ETFs are exchange-traded funds that invest in various fixed-income securities, such as corporate bonds or Treasuries. They allow ordinary investors to gain passive exposure to benchmark bond indices in an inexpensive way. Bond ETFs are available for a variety of bond categories, including Treasuries, corporates, convertibles, and floating-rate bonds. They are also amenable to laddering, a strategy that uses bonds of different maturities to reduce interest rate risk.
Bond ETFs trade throughout the day on a centralized exchange, unlike individual bonds that are sold over the counter. This structure makes it easier for investors to find bonds with attractive prices. Bond ETFs provide investors with the opportunity to gain exposure to the bond market with the ease and transparency of stock trading. They are more liquid than individual bonds and mutual funds, allowing investors to trade a bond portfolio even if the underlying bond market is not functioning well.
Bond ETFs pay out interest through a monthly dividend, while any capital gains are paid out through an annual dividend. For tax purposes, these dividends are treated as either income or capital gains. However, the tax efficiency of bond ETFs is not a significant factor, as capital gains do not play as big a part in bond returns as they do in stock returns. Bond ETFs are available on a global basis.
Types of Bond ETFs
There are various types of bond ETFs available, each focusing on different subsectors of the bond market. Some examples include:
- Treasury Bond ETFs (e.g., SCHO, PLW)
- Corporate Bond ETFs (e.g., AGG, LKOR, SPLB)
- Junk Bond ETFs (e.g., JNK, HYG)
- International Bond ETFs (e.g., BNDX, IYH)
- Floating Rate Bond ETFs (e.g., FLTR)
- Convertible Bond ETFs (e.g., ICVT)
- Leveraged Bond ETFs (e.g., TMF)
Investors who are unsure of what type to invest in should consider total bond-market ETFs, which invest in the entire U.S. bond market.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bond ETFs
Bond ETFs offer many of the same features as individual bonds, including regular coupon payments. They provide investors with the opportunity to receive fixed payments on a regular schedule. Bond ETFs hold assets with different maturity dates, so they pay interest each month, with the value of the coupon varying from month to month. Bond ETFs are more liquid than individual bonds and mutual funds, and they offer instant diversification and a constant duration.
However, there are some limitations to consider. An investor's initial investment is at greater risk in an ETF than an individual bond because a bond ETF never matures, and there is no guarantee that the principal will be repaid in full. Additionally, when interest rates rise, it tends to harm the price of the ETF, similar to an individual bond. Bond ETFs charge an ongoing management fee, which can erode the initial trading spread advantage over time. They also lack flexibility in creating unique portfolios tailored to specific income needs.
Bond ETFs vs. Bond Mutual Funds vs. Bond Ladders
The decision to invest in a bond fund or a bond ETF depends on the investor's objectives. Bond mutual funds offer more choices for active management, while bond ETFs are a good choice for frequent buying and selling. For long-term buy-and-hold investors, both bond mutual funds and bond ETFs can meet their needs, but it's important to research the holdings in each fund.
Bond ETFs offer advantages over a passively held bond ladder, such as instant diversification and a constant duration. Bond ladders, which require buying individual bonds, do not offer the same convenience. However, bond ETFs charge an ongoing management fee, and their initial trading spread advantage is eroded over time. Bond ETFs also lack the flexibility to create unique portfolios tailored to specific income needs.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Are Bond ETFs the Same As Bonds? No, bond ETFs are pooled investments that invest in a range of securities and can be bought and sold on exchanges like shares of stock. They track the prices of the bond portfolio they represent.
- Are Bond ETFs a Good Investment? Bond ETFs tend to be more liquid and cost-effective than bond mutual funds. They offer diversified bond holdings across a range of bond types and can be a good investment for most investors.
- Do Bond ETFs Pay Interest or Dividends to Shareholders? Bond ETFs pay dividends on a monthly basis based on the interest income earned on the bonds held in the fund's portfolio.
- What Is a Bond ETF Ladder Strategy? A bond ladder strategy uses bonds of different maturities to reduce interest rate risk. This strategy can be implemented with individual bonds or bond ETFs of different durations.
